Electronics, avocados, vegetables, cars, tractors, crude oil — these are some of the things that could soon get more expensive for US consumers. Under President Donald Trump’s proposed plan, goods coming in from Mexico and Canada will be subject to a 25 percent tariff beginning on February 1st. White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt has also said Trump was “very much still considering” tariffs on China on the same day. As of late Thursday, the specifics of these plans were still up in the air.

Sweeping tariffs were one of Trump’s marquee campaign promises leading up to the election in November. He’s previously threatened up to a 60 percent tariff on goods from China, a 100 percent tariff on goods from Mexico, and even a 200 percent tariff on John Deere products imported into the US. Despite this, Trump failed to levy any tariffs on day one of his presidency, with Bloomberg reporting on Thursday that his administration lacked even concepts of a plan. His first round is now supposed to hit goods from Mexico and Canada, the two largest trade partners for the US.

Trump has called tariffs “the greatest thing ever invented,” but he either doesn’t understand how they work or regularly lies about it. For years, he has claimed that the exporting country or company would foot the bill. Despite what the president and subjects of viral videos seem to believe, however, the exporting country’s government does not pay the tariff — the importer (like a retailer or other entity) pays it, and generally that additional cost is passed on to the consumer by charging them more for the item. If a company imports T-shirts from Mexico and sells them for $10, for example, a 25 percent tariff would add $2.50 to their costs, and they’re likely to jack up the price of your shirt to cover it.

As of this week, Trump was also considering blanket 10 percent tariffs on goods from China, the US’s third-largest trading partner and a source of everything from cheap clothing and home goods to electronics.

Tensions between the US and China have prompted some industries and companies to try to diversify supply chains — including Apple, which has moved a portion of iPhone manufacturing from China to India. But industry groups warn that import tariffs will increase prices for consumers and reduce spending in the US. A Consumer Technology Association analysis estimated that under Trump’s original 60 percent tariff proposal on China, the price of a laptop could soar 68 percent and smartphones could jump 37 percent. Some estimates suggest that higher prices for tech products — many of which are produced in China — could cause consumer spending to drop by billions of dollars.

On top of the direct impact on prices, the targeted countries may retaliate with tariffs of their own. Canada is reportedly planning retaliatory tariffs targeted at products made in Republican and swing states. Mexico President Claudia Sheinbaum said the country also had a plan in response to potential US tariffs, and Reuters reported that target products were similarly chosen to hit regions that voted for Trump. Again, the US government wouldn’t pay for them, but tariffs could ripple through global supply chains and reduce the demand and value of American products, like what happened to soybeans during Trump’s first term.

Trump has said the tariffs on Canada and Mexico are punishment for immigration as well as fentanyl coming into the US from the two countries. But he uses them as petty bargaining chips, too — earlier this month, he briefly vowed to impose tariffs on Colombian imports like coffee unless the country accepted military deportation flights.
As potentially disruptive as tariffs could be, there are a lot of “ifs” here. The Trump administration is already behind on its own schedule. It reportedly still doesn’t know exactly which tariffs it will be imposing. And its last sweeping policy change — a chaotic freezing of federal funds — was promptly blocked by a court and then walked back amid confusion and public anger. So it’s anyone’s guess how long an all-out trade war could last — if it happens at all.